Comment: The root reveals different Ablaut grades: *ʔiχar- (Tab. u=χ-uz < *ʔi-χ(r)-us: with vowel assimilation; Lezg. χra-z, praet. χra-na, Kryz. χɨr-iǯ with Anlaut *ʔi-reduction) / *ʔoχVr-, sometimes with reduplication *χoχVr- (Lezg. imper. χuruχ, Rut. =ɨ-χɨrχ-as, Kryz. dur. χɨχr-i) / *ʔäχVr- (Tsakh. q-eχa-s, Kryz. imper. s-äχɨr). In some languages (Lezg., lit. Tab., Kryz. and Bud.) the root also means 'to knit' - which is a result of contamination with PL *ʔiχ:ʷar q.v.
b) PL *b-ärχa-l(a) ( < *b-äχra-l(a)) 'carpet, rug' (Tab. barχal, Ag. barχIal, Fit. barχil; Ag. > Darg. Chir. parχil id.). A variation of the same stem (with initial reduction) may be Rut. Shin. χɨli 'carpet, rug'.
Comment: Cf. also Lezg. pret. ʁa-na and, with a devoicing preverb t-, t-uχ-uz 'to drag, carry'; Tab. Khür. χ:-; Ag. Bursh. χi-s (preserving the front Auslaut vowel), Tp. ʁ-as; Arch. dur. orχ:i-r. The verb belongs to the weak conjugation in PL. Most forms reflect the Ablaut grade *ʔiχ:e- (frequently with a reduction of the first narrow vowel); the Ablaut grade *o is attested in Arch. orχ:i-r and Lezg. t-uχ-uz; finally the Ablaut grade *ä is possibly reflected in Ud. aχa-, as well as in Arch. aχ:a as 'to take away, move, take off'. See also notes to a similar PL root *ʔiχ(:)e- 'to come, go'.
See Трубецкой 1930, 87; Лексика 1971, 263; Гигинейшвили 1977, 121.
Comment: In Ag. the root is also used with different preverbs as part of the suppletive paradigm of the verbs 'to come' and 'to enter', for building the infinitive and aorist forms (h-aχi-s 'to come', aχi-s 'to enter'). In Kryz. and Bud. the root is used only within a compound with PL *ʔiš:e- (q.v.), in the present and prohibitive forms (Kryz. ʕuš-χä-ri, proh. ʕumäš-χä 'to come', Bud. ʕaš-χa-ri, proh. ʕamaš-χar 'to come, to enter'). Cf. perhaps also Bud. q̇-a=χ- 'to find' (*'come upon').
There is some confusion in PL between this root and *ʔiχ:e- 'to carry' (q.v.): they are, in fact, opposed only in Rutul - but even here they can be viewed as reflecting different Ablaut grades of a single root (for the motion verb cf. also Rut. qI-aχIɨ- (term.) 'to go away' /with pharyngealization on analogy with the suppletive dur. stem qI-uʁIu- < PL *ʔiq:Iʷä- q.v./, imper. qɨ=rɨχ). In Agul the meaning 'to carry, bring' is typical for the Richa dialect (χ-as), while the meaning 'to come' is typical for Burshag (χi-s), where the meaning 'to carry' is rendered as wa-χi-s with a preverb. External evidence, however, suggests that this situation is due to confusion of similar PEC roots: *=īχ_V 'to carry' and *=iχ_wV 'to go, come'.
Comment: The verb belongs to the strong class. The Tab. form contains an intensive preverb ṭ-: cf. also Tsakh. hi-ṭ-i-χa-s 'to row'.
In Ag. Bursh. we have alt-χi-s 'to fly' - which is presently easily analysed as preverb alt- + χi- 'to go' (see PL *ʔiχ(:)e-); but since historically these are quite different roots, it is probably a later merger.
Comment: Cf. also Lezg. pret. χa-na, imp. ruχuχ (with reduplication), Ag. Bursh. ruχa-s, Kryz. dur. ruχ-ri, imp. s-äχɨr. Different Ablaut grades are attested: *ʔiχʷa- in Ud. b-iχ-, with loss of *ʔi- in Lezg. χa-, Tab. χ-uz etc.; *ʔäχʷV- in Kryz. s=äχɨ-r;*ʔoχʷa- (originally probably a plural form - "to give birth (to many)") in most other forms.
An old derivate *ʔiχʷa-j > *χʷaj (a participial form) is reflected in Ud. χoj 'descendants', Lezg. χʷa, pl. r-uχʷa-jar (Khl. χʷa,r-uχʷa-jar) 'son'.
Comment: In Ag. Rich. we have ruχ- 'to read', in Lezg. raχa- 'to speak': r- in these forms is a result of merging two roots (PL *ʔiχʷa 'speak, read' and PL *räχʷa(r) 'to sound, resound', opposed in Ag. Bursh.: wa-χʷa- 'speak' vs. ruχa- 'howl, wail; read').
Comment: Cf. also Lezg. Khl. wäq̇I, Tab. Düb. uḳu, Ag. Bursh. jiḳʷ, Tsakh. Gelm. oq̇ 'grass'. Obl. base *ʔIʷeƛ̣e-, cf. Lezg. weq̇i-, Ag. uḳi-, Rut. úḳu-, Tsakh. oḳa-. 4th class in Rut., Kryz., Bud. and Arch., but 3d class in Tsakh.
Comment: Cf. also Tab. Düb. sur, Ag. Bursh. sür (reflecting a metathesis < *ʔIʷirs, cf. the Fit. form urs). The Tsakh. form is reduplicated. We can suspect that the Shakhdagh languages (now having a loanword from Azer.: Kryz giwä, Bud. güwä) once also had a reduplicated form *sus ( < *sʷirs), that was borrowed and remains in Khin. sus "moth". 3d class in Rut., Tsakh. Oblique base *ʔIʷinse- (*ʔIʷirse-), cf. Tab. súri- (/surá-), Düb. sura-, Ag. Fit. ursu-, Bursh. süri-.
